Un experto cree que las renovables distorsionan el mercado eléctrico

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Luis Agosti, ponente en el curso sobre energía y cambio climático que organizan en Sevilla la Fundación Focus-Abengoa y la Universidad Internacional Menéndez y Pelayo, dijo que estas distorsiones se evidencian más en España, que ha pasado de ser «el paradigma» mundial en el desarrollo de las energías renovables a «un ejemplo de todos los problemas que podían surgir» en este proceso.

En su opinión, la necesidad de fomentar las energías renovables para mitigar el cambio climático con una reducción de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero «es ya una premisa aceptada por todos», especialmente en el sector eléctrico, que genera el 45 por ciento de estas emisiones y deberá de asumir el 62 por ciento de su recorte mundial en los próximos años.

Pero advirtió de que el desarrollo de las energías renovables está distorsionando el mercado eléctrico con tarifas inferiores a los costes y con primas y subvenciones ineficientes, y está complicando y encareciendo el funcionamiento del operador del sistema eléctrico, que debe asumir generadores menos predecibles y almacenables que los convencionales.

Agosti destacó que el precio de la generación eléctrica convencional -con gas o carbón- no recoge en Europa el coste «social y energético» real de las emisiones de CO2 que produce, tasado en unos 17 euros la tonelada, porque el sistema de comercio de emisiones «es muy poco eficiente», apenas fue «un ensayo» hasta 2008 y presenta «muchas incertidumbres» a partir de 2013.

En su opinión, un precio de 30 euros por tonelada de CO2 sería más ajustado al coste social y ambiental real de estas emisiones y situaría a la energía eólica como una de las más competitivas.

Esta distorsión de precios de las energías convencionales en Europa se agrava en España porque sólo un 25 por ciento de la generación eléctrica funciona en un régimen de libre competencia ya que subvenciona el carbón nacional, las nucleares y, especialmente, a las energías renovables.

Para Agosti, las primas a las energías renovables, en especial la fotovoltaica, han contribuido «de manera muy notable» al déficit de tarifa del sector eléctrico español, que supera los 20.000 millones de euros.

De este modo, contrapuso «el éxito» del apoyo a la energía eólica, que ya cubre un 40 por ciento de las energías renovables en España tras haber recibido unas subvenciones «razonables» y similares a la media europea, con las primas a la energía solar fotovoltáica «que no han sido muy acertadas y superiores a lo que sería deseable».

Citó un estudio que cifra en un 22 por ciento el ahorro de costes logrado en este sector en los últimos años, que se reduciría al 2 por ciento si se descuentan las ayudas públicas y advirtió de que en España «se están apoyando tecnologías que pueden no ser competitivas en el futuro».

También alertó de que aunque la demanda punta ha crecido de los 33.236 megavatios en 2000 a los 44.122 en 2010, la potencia instalada lo ha hecho en casi 50.000 megavatios-hora: 25.000 de ciclos combinados (que consumen gas), otros 20.000, eólicos y 4.000 de otras energías renovables, por lo que la oferta ha crecido «muy por encima de la demanda y ha generado un exceso de la capacidad de producción».

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