El Supremo anula la exclusividad de las cinco grandes eléctricas para suministrar la tarifa regulada de luz
En una sentencia de comienzos de abril, el Tribunal Supremo anuló el artículo 2 del real decreto 485/2009, en el que se designa a las cinco eléctricas como únicos comercializadores de tarifa de luz en todo el territorio nacional y se indicó que esta lista será revisada al menos durante cuatro años.
Esta medida, defendida en su momento por el Gobierno al considerar que estas empresas eran las que podían asumir el riesgo de ofrecer tanto suministro libre como a tarifa, fue objeto de un recurso por parte de pequeñas comercializadoras con menos de 100.000 clientes, entre ellos algunas cooperativas eléctricas.
El Supremo anuló el artículo pese a rechazar uno de los dos argumentos de los demandantes, en el que se aludía a la falta de consulta previa con las comunidades autónomas. Esta consulta, aseguró el tribunal, sí se produjo, e incluso vino acompañada de alegaciones por parte de los gobiernos autonómicos.
No obstante, el Supremo dio la razón a las pequeñas comercializadoras en otro aspecto, referido al «principio de interdicción de la arbitrariedad de los poderes públicos» y al «límite a la potestad reglamentaria» que el mismo establece.
El tribunal entiendió que «no se establecen criterios objetivos que permitan determinar por qué se excluye» a las pequeñas distribuidoras ni «cuáles son los presupuestos que deben servir para revisar la lista de empresas comercializadoras que asuman la obligación de suministro de último recurso de energía eléctrica».
De hecho, entiendió que el artículo supone «una norma reglamentaria «extralegem», al no justificarse objetivamente las variables que se han tenido en cuenta para determinar singularmente qué comercializadores cuentan con los medios técnicos suficientes para garantizar el suministro y la atención de clientes de baja tensión», ni por qué el resto carece de medios para desarrollar esta actividad.
Junto a esto, recordó que el Consejo de Estado, en el análisis del artículo enjuiciado, expresó algunas dudas acerca de la falta de exposición de los motivos por los que se eligió sólo a las cinco grandes eléctricas como comercializadoras a tarifa.
Por otro lado, el Supremo evitó el vacío normativo que puede provocar la sentencia al aclarar que la anulación del artículo no supone la exclusión de las cinco eléctricas como comercializadoras de la tarifa de último recurso.
«La estimación del recurso contencioso-administrativo se circunscribe a la obligación del Gobierno de determinar los criterios o variables que condicionan, desde la perspectiva territorial, técnica, financiera y contable, la designación de los comercializadores de último recurso», señaló.
«Por tanto, no se extiende a la exclusión de las empresas comercializadoras de energía eléctrica designadas en el artículo 2 del Real Decreto 485/2009, de 3 de abril, por el que se regula la puesta en marcha del suministro de último recurso en el sector de la energía eléctrica», añadió.
Entiendo la Sentencia del Tribunal Supremo, pero no es más cierto que el Mº de Industria en el RD 485/ 99, favorece a la pequeñas distribuidoras, otorgnado la posibilidad de transferir sus clientes a la comercializadora que ellas estimasen (generalmente, creadas por esas distribuidoras), en contra del criterio de la CNE.
Efectivamente el Ministerio no tasó los criterios de selección de los CUR, pero hay que reconocer que una distribuidora sin un volumen suficiente no podría soportar el riesgo de estar obligado a suministrar una demanda doméstica comprando una energía que ya no sería liquidable.
Y si la distribuidora quiere asumir el riesgo (que no la obligación) siempre podría hacerlo como una comercializadora libre y hacer ofertas que igualen (o mejoren) la TUR.
Lo que pasa es que las distribuidoras lo que querían era seguir liquidando la energía sin riesgo, pero eso no es compatible con la normativa europea ni con un modelo en que la comercialización sea una actividad abierta a la competencia.
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